To do this you must have the reference materials from the course Required Materials page. These reference tables of noun and verb endings are essential to your new tasks.

	WORD
	PARSE	You parse every word.	You can parse words by using the noun or verb tables.
	CONSTRUCTION	You construe every word.	You can construe words by using the noun table.	Do not construe verbs.
	PRINCIPAL PARTS	You give the principal parts of every word.	Principal parts will be found in the vocabulary.
	DEFINITION	You define every word.	This definition will usually be your best shot in the dark.	If the definition and the translation are the same for any noun, I do not redundantly translate it.
	TRANSLATION	You translate every sentence.	Since you will have already identified the parse, construction, and definition of each word in the sentence, your job as a translator is greatly simplified.

EXAMPLE I

Let me give you an example: Puer puellam videt.

Puer
PARSE nom. sg. m.
CONSTRUCTION subject
PRINCIPAL PARTS puer, i, m.
DEFINITION boy
TRANSLATION boy

puellam
PARSE acc. sg. f.
CONSTRUCTION direct object
PRINCIPAL PARTS puella, ae, m.
DEFINITION girl

videt
PARSE 3rd sg. pres.
PRINCIPAL PARTS video, videre, visi, visus
DEFINITION to see
TRANSLATION (he) sees

We know that our translation is correct because the boy, being the subject, is doing the action, whereas the girl, being the direct object, is being (abstractly) acted upon.

Note that if we had changed the order of words, the analysis would have been the same, and so would have the translation. I.e., puer puellam videt = puellam puer videt.

EXAMPLE II

Viro cantanti carmina occurrit.

Viro
PARSE dat. sg. m.
CONSTRUCTION IO
PRINCIPAL PARTS vir, i, m.
DEFINITION man

cantanti
PARSE dat. sg. m. pres. act. ptc.
PRINCIPAL PARTS canto, cantare, cantavi, cantatus
DEFINITION to sing
TRANSLATION singing

carmina
PARSE acc. pl. n.
CONSTRUCTION DO
PRINCIPAL PARTS carmen, carminis, n.
DEFINITION song
TRANSLATION songs

occurrit
PARSE3rd sg. pf.
PRINCIPAL PARTS occurro, occurrere, occurri, occursum
DEFINITION to meet
TRANSLATION he met

Based on the preceding analyses, I conclude that the best translation is "He met a man singing songs."

Furthermore, notice that technically viro is not an indirect object, since occurro is simply one of those verbs that govern the dative case. Nevertheless, it would be awkward to construe viro as a direct object, so I fall back on convention and let the matter rest there. Finally, note that I could have translated occurrit as "She met," but "he met" is just as good.

The preceding will make more sense if you know the following terms.

	TERM	ABBREVIATION	DEFINITIOIN
	subject	(S)	the subject of the verb is the doer of the verb (The boy sees the girl) or the experiencer of the verb (The patient was treated).
	possessor	(POSS)	that which owns something else (The boy saw Jim's dog).
	indirect object:	(IO)	that which receives something, literally (He gave him a present) or abstractly (He spoke to him).
	direct object	(DO)	that which undergoes change in state ([1] He melted the butter or [2] He wrote a book) or place (He gave him a present).
	source	(SIPA)	that from which something comes (He claimed to be descended from illustrious kings).
	instrument	(SIPA)	that by means of which something is done (He said it with roses).
	place	(SIPA)	that wherein something happens (He walked in the woods).
	agent	(SIPA)	that by which something is done ([1] It was a song sung by poets or [2] He was overcome by greed).

The only thing you will do in Latin is to analyze and translate each text. Please let me know if you have any questions; when students first try this method, they are unspeakably distressed until it all becomes magically easy. I look forward to inspecting your first attempts at this kind of analysis.